The Relationship Between Employee Productivity and Work Related Stress

The examination points and goals The point of this investigation is to discover the connection between worker profitability and business related pressure and the various factors that influence this relationship in the UAE. The destinations of the investigation includesAdvertising We will compose a custom proposition test on The Relationship Between Employee Productivity and Work Related Stress explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More To recognize the business related worries To decide the impacts of business related weights on the employees’ profitability To decide the connections between the laborers exhibitions and the business related worries To decide how various factors influences this relationship Research question Upon finishing of the examination, the accompanying inquiry will have been addressed How is worker efficiency identified with the vacillation of business related worry in the United Arab Emirates? Acquaintance The writing audit tends with investi gate the connection between representative efficiency and business related pressure and various factors that influence this relationship in the United Arab Emirates from different composed insightful articles. The investigation is critical for the associations working in UAE since it will give more knowledge on the expressed point just as help in defining the methodologies that would lessen worries in the work spot and increment the profitability of the representatives. Business related worry in word related profitability Work related burdens have been found to impactsly affect the employees’ efficiency. The way of life in the cutting edge work place have expanded requests on the representatives driving the laborers to offer snappy answers for business related issues. The expanded weight on representatives produces expanded weights on workers on the since quite a while ago run. Relating elements, for example, account and medical problems likewise builds weights on the represe ntatives. The manner in which these anxieties influence the employees’ profitability stays basic to the achievement of the objectives of an association. Accordingly, understanding the connection between the working related burdens and the employees’ profitability just as the manner in which related factors influence this relationship is huge to the organizations’ achievement. Work stresses and the employees’ profitability in UAE Over the years, worry in the work environment has kept on being a significant weakness in the exhibitions of the two representatives and bosses. The pressure exudes from better standards to perform various errands that outperform singular capacities of accomplishing expectations (Prosser et al., 2007). Energy at the work place assumes a critical job in impacting singular yield since it influences the physical and scholarly possibilities of the faculty. Generally, the support of solid body just as fit mind improves the capacity of workers to play out the physical and mental obligations to the ideal levels. Generally, motivation among the representatives and employment satisfaction are basic in expanding the presentation of the personnel.Advertising Looking for proposition on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the accomplishment of such objectives is just conceivable if the representatives are given strategic scheduling that is noteworthy in improving work yield, satisfaction, motivation just as the decrease of feelings of anxiety among the representatives (Schaefer Moos, 2006). Consequently, arrangement of strategic scheduling by the business association is an element for extraordinary extensions in workers’ yields and fearlessness levels at the work place. In such manner, the workforce is spurred along these lines decreasing the degrees of their stress. In any workplace, stress is inescapable perspective tha t each worker experiences. Indeed, the day by day exercises at the work environment are the reason for anxious pressures in the brains and hearts of each representative. Much the same as different countries, UAE is no special case. As a matter of fact, in the United Arab Emirates, assorted structures just as various wellsprings of stress have been distinguished. In the first place, the different types of pressure that laborers experience at the work environment include the situational, ecological and mental. Further, the physical just as relationship stress are likewise types of tensions that influence the presentation of representatives at the various work environments inside the GCC. For example, the clamors radiating from people’s ringing telephones rather than work fixation incite ecological pressure. What's more, most GCC nations, for example, UAE are described by fluctuating temperatures of outrageous chilliness to extraordinary hotness are a wellspring of ecological wo rry at the work environment to the representatives (Turnage Spielberger, 2001). Besides, every business sets cutoff times for the representatives to present the designated assignments. In view of such cutoff times, the laborers are consistently under tension along these lines prompting situational anxiety. In certainty, ordinary adjustments in the work structures just as newness of the new courses of action among the laborers are grounds of laborers apprehensive strains at the UAE. Thirdly, the physical pressure radiates from lack of rest also the overconsumption of shoddy nourishments among representatives. Thus, the laborers can't meet the objectives that are required of them. Due to the heightening degrees of mergers and financial association among the Arab nations on account of globalization, progress of skill just as redesigns in the work game plans, laborers have been feeling the squeeze, outlandish work desires just as impact of jobs among the representatives (Schonfeld, 2006). Also, the progressions have started hazardous customer relations just as ergonomic scarcities. Nonconformance among the company’s representatives just as the absence of possibilities in dynamic procedures is significant reasons for tensions among laborers. Studies demonstrate that inadequacy of controlling work circumstance and absence of amusement along with ambiguous undertakings impact the exhibition of personnel.Advertising We will compose a custom proposition test on The Relationship Between Employee Productivity and Work Related Stress explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The workforce GCC nations particularly in UAE experience the ill effects of long working periods. The perils of such long working hours are obviously displayed extending from physical to scholarly pressure (Parkes, 2000). Truth be told, investigates state that out of the six percent of the total populace tainted by diabetes, the United Arab Emirates has about a populace of 20% experiencing diabetes related illnesses. Generally, the sicknesses, for example, diabetes are reactions of worry at the work places. Further, as per late investigations, around 60% of the United Arab Emirates populaces out of the sixty-five percent who are focused on are as consequence of outstanding task at hand at the work environments. In addition, connections are additionally significant benefactors of worry among the laborers along these lines influencing their exhibitions and yields. For example, information from the Dubai insights focus demonstrate that 700 and ninety out of 3,000 and eighty marriages brought about partition of life partners in this way prompting worry among the diverse parties. Recently, tensions exuding from outstanding tasks at hand present dangers of heart ailments that could endanger the exhibitions of representatives at their work environments. For instance, various medical clinics in Dubai keep on enlisting a disturbing number of patients experiencin g cardiovascular sicknesses related with worry at work places visit a few facilities inside the country (Heinisch Jex, 2007). Another significant wellspring of worry among the laborers and general society everywhere in the United Arab Emirates just as Dubai is the ever-rising money related weights. Greater part of the inhabitants in the bay are stressed over cash and liabilities along with the desires that they are required to accomplish at work. As a matter of fact, stress experienced at the work environments comes about when the necessities are expected of a representative don't relate to the staff proficiencies, resources just as the prerequisites. In the respect, the employees’ disposition towards taking care of purchasers concerns, objections just as occupation decisions (Aro Hasan, 2001). When all is said in done, a work place setting portrayed by mental and physical anxiety among representatives is a reason for low execution and yields among the organization’s faculty. Guaranteeing a peaceful workplace for laborers includes disposing of a terrible employment circumstance that is keen of the entire business customs (Kawakami et al., 2002). For example, unhygienic work conditions, impolite administrators just as inability to perceiving staff worth are elements for workers’ stress along these lines prompting low yields among the workers. To guarantee expanded execution and profitability among the work units, getting rid of worry among the representatives is basic. Truth be told, reacting to employees’ complaints, decrease of their remaining burdens just as offering enough rest for the laborers permits sufficient time for reflection on the condition of brains (Karasek, 2009).Advertising Searching for proposition on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Also, arrangement of exact assignments to laborers just as stress the board tapes is a viable way organizations can apply to annihilate worry among the workforce. Foreign laborers in UAE keep on confronting business related worry because of the severe lodging frameworks that are solely for the residents. All things considered, representatives are presented to natural stressors just as the hierarchical societies that imperil their government assistance in this way influencing the exhibition and yield adversely (Hotopf Wessely, 2007).

Athens vs. History essays

Athens versus History papers Athens and Sparta being both of Greek starting point they shared numerous tings in like manner. Anyway they likewise had their disparities. We will perceive how Athens advanced instruction while Sparta received a military lifestyle. Just as what key focuses the two of them shared. Sparta and Athens governments were comparable somehow or another however generally were very unique. Athens had a president that was picked every day. They had a committee comprised of 500 residents that were picked arbitrarily and served a term of one year. This was the principal human advancement we see to have an unrefined kind of vote based system. Sparta then again was a theocracy. Their administration was made up two lords. Five Ephors or authorities that were picked specifically to run numerous parts of day by day life. They had a committee of residents that could voice their interests on specific issues. Both anyway partook in like manner a committee of residents. The privileges of individuals in the two city-states contrasted also. In Athens the individuals esteemed training. A considerable lot of the families that could manage the cost of it sent their children to class. The young ladies got pretty much nothing if any training. Ladies were viewed as being substandard compared to men and had no different parts in life than to deal with the house and produce kids. Men then again had a great deal of opportunity and could do numerous things. At age 30 a large number of the men were put on the get together to help with the administration. Sparta had a greater amount of an equivalent view on ladies. Sparta urged its ladies to practice routinely. This was idea to help bring solid posterity. When the young men were mature enough they started military preparing. They served in the military until they had completed 30 yrs. At that point they could proceed onward to do whatever they felt. Anyway they despite everything needed to return and eat at the m ilitary sleeping quarters as an approach to keep them associated with the military. A considerable lot of the men after this got the chance to serve on the chamber. Anyway both tragically considered ladies to be lower than men. ... <!

How to Introduce Someone When You Are Socially Anxious

How to Introduce Someone When You Are Socially Anxious Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment and Therapy Social Skills Print How to Introduce Someone By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on April 25, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children David Lees/Taxi/Getty Images Knowing how to introduce someone in business and social settings is an important social skill that you should not overlook. Why are introductions important? They help you get to know people and put others at ease. Fortunately, knowing how to introduce people gets easier with practice. Below are four simple steps to making introductions. 1. First, determine who should be introduced to whom. The name of the older or higher ranking person should be said first.  For example: Dr. Jones, Id like to introduce you to my friend, John. When all other things are equal, the name of the person whom you know better should be said first. In a business situation, the client is always considered higher ranking. At a party, guests should always be introduced to the guest of honor.   3. Unless you are in a casual setting, use first and last names, as well as titles such as Dr. when appropriate. If the person whom you are introducing has a relationship to you, share this with others. For example: Edith Smith, Id like you to meet Natalie Jones. (Edith is older than Natalie) President Trump, Id like to introduce my husband Paul Brown. 4. In a group setting such as at a party, introduce a person to the group first. For example, David, these are my friends Steve, John, Elizabeth, and Natasha. Everyone, this is David. Introductions like this should be made for a group of up to six people. If there are more than six people present, only make introductions to those that are nearby or those whom the person will be sitting with. You should never lead someone around a room making introductions. 5. In general, when you are introduced to someone it is polite to say How are you?  If it is someone whom you have been told about, you might make a comment along the lines of So-and-so has told me so much about you. If someone has forgotten to introduce you, introduce yourself and explain how you know the host if you are at a party. In business settings, extending your hand for a handshake is generally more appropriate if you are the higher-ranking person in a pair. Its also better to wait until after an introduction to shake hands, so that you can concentrate on the other persons name first. Tips: 1. If you have forgotten someones name, it is more polite and less awkward to acknowledge the fact than to avoid an introduction. 2. If you are being introduced to a group of people, you do not need to say something after each introduction. It is fine to just nod after the first introduction to avoid repeating yourself. 3. Formal etiquette rules dictate that men should stand when being introduced to women, and women should stand when being introduced to older women. However, it is best to judge the situation and the actions of those around you when deciding whether to stand up. 4. Take your time making introductions. Speak slowly so that everyone can understand the names you are saying. 5. When introducing yourself, dont use titles like Dr. It makes you sound stuffy. Research on Introductions and Social Anxiety A 2012 study of 30 socially anxious and 30 low socially anxious individuals demonstrated that when a brief internet chat with a person preceded face-to-face interaction with that same person, social anxiety was reduced. The study  authors proposed that computer-medication communication (CMC) might be a useful form of safety behavior, in that the individual can disconfirm negative beliefs. What does this mean? If you chat with someone a bit online before you actually meet him or her, you have a better chance of overcoming negative thoughts that plague you when you first meet someone in person. Instead of thinking, Im so nervous, this person is not going to like me, you might think something like, I remember having a good chat online, we seemed to have some things in common and pick things up from there. A Word From Verywell If you find yourself with the task of making introductions or being introduced, try to remember the rules but dont get too caught up in them. Above all else, offer a warm smile and firm handshake. Be welcoming and open and the rest of your introduction should naturally fall into place; you might even find yourself at the start of a beautiful friendship.

Kate Chopins The Awakening Womens Role In Society Essay

Have you ever wondered what the lifestyles of Nineteenth Century women were like? Were they independent, career women or were they typical housewives that cooked, clean, watched the children, and catered to their husbands. Did the women of this era express themselves freely or did they just do what society expected of them? Kate Chopin was a female author who wrote several stories and two novels about women. One of her renowned works of art is The Awakening. This novel created great controversy and received negative criticism from literary critics due to Chopins portrayal of women by Edna throughout the book. The Awakening is a novel about a woman, Edna Pontellier, who is a confused soul. She is a typical housewife that is looking to†¦show more content†¦In The Awakening, Kate Chopin portrays women as being loving wives and mothers that live their life to care for their family and worship their husbands. According to literary critic, Dana Kinninson, this story indicates two types of women, which are expressed by Adele Ratigndle and Mademoiselle Reisz. Adele Ratigndle is the ideal wife and mother who never experiences an impulse that deters her from the sole concern of caring for her family. She also embodies every womanly grace and charm. Then you have Mademoiselle Reisz, which is the complete opposite of Adele. She has devoted her time and energy to the development of her own abilities instead of a husband and home. Reisz is a pianist older woman who lives alone and is depicted as homely and disagreeable. (Kinnison, 22) Adele and Mademoiselles lifestyles seem to be the only two options for Edna. Kinninson believes that Ednas options are the reward of complete self-sacrifice versus the reproof of female self-assertion. No middle ground exist, just these extreme contradictions. Edna is a mother of two children but being a mother or mother-woman doesnt satisfy her soul and her desire for self-hood. This is all part of her awakening and finding herself. ( Kinninson, 23-24) James Justus, who is also a critic of American literature, questions what Edna awakens to and if in fact her awakening is atShow MoreRelatedKate Chopin s Life And Feminism1281 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopin’s Life and Works- Feminism Kate Chopin, born on February 8th, 1850, was a progressive writer in the midst of a conservative and unequal time. She exposed the unfair undertones of society in such a way that made people outrage and condemn some of her works. However, in the early 1900s, her works were examined again and people started to listen to her ideas. One of these main motifs that Chopin’s works kept bringing up were feminism and equality. In The Awakening, Edna Pontellier, a radicalRead MoreEssay about Feminism in The Awakening986 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel The Awakening, by Kate Chopin the critical approach feminism is a major aspect of the novel. According to dictionary.reference.com the word feminism means, â€Å"The doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men.† The Awakening takes place during the late eighteen hundreds to early nineteen hundreds, in New Orleans. The novel is about Edna Pontellier and her family on a summer vacati on. Edna, who is a wife and mother, is inferior to her husbandRead MoreThe Awakening: An Emergence of Womens RIghts in the Late Nineteenth Century1330 Words   |  6 PagesThe Awakening: An Emergence of Women’s Rights in the Late Nineteenth Century Kate Chopin’s The Awakening addresses the role of women within society during the late nineteenth century. The novel is set in South Louisiana, a place where tradition and culture also play a vital role in societal expectations. The novel’s protagonist, Edna Pontellier, initially fulfills her position in society as a wife and as a mother while suppressing her urges to live a life of passion and freedom. Edna’s relationshipRead MoreKate Chopin s Literary Creativity And Women s Independence1097 Words   |  5 Pages Kate Chopin has become one of the most influential feminist writers of the century. From Chopin’s literary rejection of The Awakening, the rejection sparked a fire in Chopin’s feminist side. Chopin began writing short stories that would become society’s lead in literary creativity and women’s independence. Kate Chopin’s biography is astonishingly intriguing and the importance Chopin plays to the feminist literature genre is exceptional. Critics either rave Chopin’s work or completely destroy itRead MoreKate Chopin and How the Feminist Movement Inspired Her Writings1666 Words   |  7 PagesKate Chopin and How the Feminist Movement Inspired Her Writings Kate Chopin was an American author who wrote novels as well as short stories. Her work was extraordinary and some of her greatest work was based on the feminist movement. Kate Chopin became known throughout the world as one of the most influential writers during the feminist movement. She has attracted great attention from scholars along with students, and her work has been translated into many different languages. Kate Chopin wasRead MoreHow Did Kate Chopin Influence Literature949 Words   |  4 PagesKate Chopin’s distinct influence in literature Kate Chopin was an innovative influence for literature in the late 1800’s. Her stories and characters conflicted with the societal norms of inequality towards women. Women in the 1800’s were oppressed, and treated more like property than individuals. Living in the 1800’s as a woman meant they had no rights, or power to create a life of their own. The men, in that period of history, held all prestige positions; therefore, formed all of the laws, and socialRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1135 Words   |  5 PagesDoll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen, and the novel, The Awakening by Kate Chopin, the two protagonists named Nora Helmer and Edna Pontillier depict feminist ideals during the Victorian era in their struggle for independence, both sexually and emotionally. Nora and Edna are feminists in the late 1800s, trapped in an era and a society dictated by men. Both works parallel together and are significant because they show how Edna and Nora awaken, as their roles and self-realization progress in their respectiveRead MoreKate Chopins Writing Career and Influence on Society Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesKate Chopin was a influential author that introduced powerful female characters to the american literacy world. She was most known for her brilliant book The Awakening. However at that time it received many negative reviews, causing the downfall of Kate’s writing career. Now the book is such a influential story that it is being taught in classrooms throughout the world. This essay will discuss Kate Chopin’s writing career and the impact her writing has on society. Kate Chopin was an author bestRead More Kate Chopin Gives a Womans Voice to Realism Essay example1173 Words   |  5 PagesKate Chopin Gives a Womans Voice to Realism Kate Chopin succeeded in giving a womans voice to realism. While doing this she sacrificed her career. This seems to be a higher order of feminism than repeating the story of a woman as victim...Kate Chopin gives her female protagonist the central role, normally reserved for the man, in a meditation on identity and culture, consciousness, and art. (Robinson 3) The role of woman in the society Chopin creates is of special interest and relevanceRead MoreThe Unique Style Of Kate Chopin s Writing1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe unique style of Kate Chopin’s writing has influenced and paved the way for many female authors. Although not verbally, Kate Chopin aired political and social issues affecting women and challenging the validity of such restrictions through fiction. Kate Chopin, a feminist in her time, prevailed against the notion that a woman’s purpose was to only be a housewife and nothing more. Kate Chopin fortified the importance of women empowerment, self-expression, self-assertion, and female sexuality through

The Strange Argumentative Essay Topics Game

The Strange Argumentative Essay Topics Game The Death of Strange Argumentative Essay Topics Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't tough to discover. Shopping online isn't secure or secure. How some advertising can be extremely powerful. College professors see that students are well-trained and inspired to compose essays when asked to achieve that. From time to time, utilizing the exact same topics over and over again makes students bored and not able to find inspiration to compose essays. Another reason is to observe how well students argue on distinct views and demonstrate understanding of the studied subject. Therefore, many students and employees decide to purchase cheap essay rather than writing it themselves. Why free speech needs to be abolished. It's possible to write a very simple essay on the proper age to vote or appropriate age to be in a position to purchase alcohol. Although a great deal of people from common profes sions are unlikely to produce your list, for example firemen, there have to be some well-known figures that have had an impact for you. It is possible to also examine main reasons for misunderstanding between kids and parents. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it. Just synthesize the crucial points from the human body and discuss what research could be completed in conditions of your topic. You have to come across decent evidence to back up your ideas along with examples to illustrate the evidence. The issue is that everybody's interpretation of what makes a great society differs. A Startling Fact about Strange Argumentative Essay Topics Uncovered Simply take a look and see what might do the job for you. If you wish to ease your tension of trying to find hours and hours for easy essays topic selection then you've reached at the appropriat e place. Luckily you've come to the correct location. Nonetheless, the start is usually the most difficult part. Like every assignment, a descriptive essay has a particular purpose. If when you are preparing a report you merely analyze specific literature, the essay demands a great penetration into the issue. You should utilize APA reference tools to help in writing your essay the right way or employ an expert essay writer that could write the essay utilizing the APA reference tools. You may discover that lots of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any type of writing assignment. Moreover, in-text citations will present your awareness of the various papers formats. Argumentative writings is a particular kind of a paper. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to locate ready-made essays and use them as an example. It's possible for you to define a notion in your short essay. The absolute most beautiful painting you have seen 8. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but remember to do your homework on what the present laws about your favorite topic actually say. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the main issue to do is to select a topic and an argument you could really get behind. It's possible to select an intriguing topic from any area of science. There are a lot of intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to consider about doing it. The topics must have two sides and they need to be quite interesting. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's critical to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points you can counter to your own points. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. The cost of an essay is dependent upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. An excellent way to begin a college essay writing is to write about something or somebody you admire. Humorous essays are frequently a great deal more fun to write. Getting creative and descriptive can occasionally be a challenge. Let's have a peek at the key themes in a novel. It is possible to write on anything on the planet from bill Clinton to smoking hazard, but at the conclusion of the essay if your essay isn't clear and understandable then there is not any use of writing, so make sure you're writing an essay that's easy yet intriguing. Remember that virtually any paper can be become a sarcastic or humorous piece given by you. Facts, Fiction and Strange Argumentative Essay Topics The conversation can endure for hours. Whatever you opt to do, all the topics are on the house from us! It isn't possible to generate an actual friend online. An individual who has disappointed you 51.

Psychological negative effects of MRSA Free Essays

Erasures was treatable with penicillin until the sass’s, in 1959 when more the 90-95% of all strains became resistant it was treated with nonmetallic, a stronger form of antibiotic that was used to treat gram positive bacteria. This In turn because resistant to all strains of the bacterium. Nonmetallic is no longer used today but the term for MRS. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological negative effects of MRSA or any similar topic only for you Order Now is still used. Colonization: The organism Is superficially carried on the skin, in the nose, etc. People are not sick and do not require antibiotics. Infection: A person has a clinical Infection with the organism e. G. Wound Infection, skepticism, urinary Infection etc. Infected persons usually require systemic antibiotics. MRS. is transmitted through skin to skin contact and is carried by 2% of the human population. MRS. rate is very high in New Zealand. There are two types of MRS., HA- MRS. hospital or health care acquired and CA-MRS. community acquired. The most common means of transmission is in a health care environment as patients have lower immune systems and are weak. MRS. in hospitals and other care settings is easily spread as hygiene practices are not up to scratch from patient/ nurse contact and hygiene with surgical wounds and other intensive devices such as catheters and feeding tubes. Community acquired MRS. can be found in healthy patients that have not been hospitalized. Many patients of MRS. do not understand their infection and its ways of transmission; this can lead to feelings of astigmatism and fear. MRS. itself cannot have any direct psychological impact on patients with MRS. but is in fact other people’s attitudes and the patient’s perception of scrutiny. Research has hon. that contact with infected hospital patients on average drops by 22% when a person id diagnosed with MRS.. Isolation techniques in infection control are no longer used as they can cause psychosocial effects for patients and their families and Interfere with the home-like atmosphere that a nurse is trying to establish. For these reasons, a system called Body Substance Precautions (BSP) was developed. It focuses on keeping all moist body substances, (blood, feces, urine, wound drainage, tissues, oral secretions, and other body fluids) from the hands of personnel. This Is accomplished through hand washing and Increased glove use Shown Ms Fairly retirement village where my patient resides has a policy for MRS. and Infection control from the Missouri department of health and senior services section for living term care and the advisory committee on Infection prevention and control. Their infection control guidelines for long term care facilities have an emphasis on body substance precautions. BSP provides a consistent approach to managing body substances from ALL residents and is essential in preventing transmission of potentially infectious agents. Specific situation for the overall reasonable exposure risk associated with the task. Risk factors that should be included in the evaluation include: Type of body fluid with which there is or will be contact. Volume of blood/body substances likely to be encountered Reasonable anticipation of exposure; e. G. , â€Å"will my hands touch the resident’s secretions? † Probable route of expos ure; I. E. , hand contact, airborne, droplet, splashing Microbe concentration in fluid or tissue. Some safety precautions include: Gloves,Handwriting ,Face and Eye Protection , Apron or Gown Sharps Handling and Disposal ,Employee Health ,Handling Laboratory Specimens, Soiled Linen ,Disposal of Regulated Waste From Resident’s Rooms, Environmental Cleaning, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPRM) , Resident Placement, Activity Restriction and the Use of Private Rooms for Infection Prevention and Control , Physician’s Role in Implementing the Body Substance Precautions System, Role of Nurses and Other Health Care Workers in Implementing the Body, Substance Precautions System, Precautions for Residents With Airborne Diseases. How to cite Psychological negative effects of MRSA, Papers

Research Paper on Amazon Rainforest Essay Example

Research Paper on Amazon Rainforest Essay Amazon rainforest is the most significant portion of all protected area In Brazil. It covered the territory of nine countries: Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana, Bolivia, French Guiana, and Suriname. However, the vast majority of the Amazon rainforest is located within Brazil. It stretched on a flat plain, which covers almost the entire Amazon basin. The forest itself occupies 5.5 million square kilometers. Amazon rainforest is by far the largest tropical forest in the world. Amazon rain forest is spread over 60 % of Brazil. Without a doubt, this is the richest region on living organisms in the world, it is here found about 20% of all plant species, perhaps, about the same species of birds and about 10 % of mammals in the world. A fundamental element of natural biocenosis is the Amazon River, the second longest in the world (about 7,000 km), which has about 1,000 tributaries and contains more than 20 % of all fresh water on the planet. A year cycle in the Amazon rainforest is divided into two parts: the rainy season, which lasts from December to June (average temperatures ranging from 23Â °C to 30Â °C) and the dry season – from July to November (temperature ranging from 26Â °C to 40Â °C). In general, the flora of the Amazon is characterized by significant biodiversity. Through the inventory of all the plants and animals of the rainy forests of Amazonia, it was revealed at least 40,000 species of plants, 1,294 species of birds, 3,000 species of fish, 428 species of amphibians, 378 species of reptiles, 427 species of mammals, and from 96660 to 128 843 species of invertebrates. Scientists estimate that 1 square kilometer is inhabited with 150,000 species of higher plants, and may contribute up to 90,790 tons of live plant mass. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Amazon Rainforest specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Amazon Rainforest specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Amazon Rainforest specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to experts, in the Amazon River there are up to 2,000 species of fish, it is ten times more than in any European river. Also plays a large number of local reptiles, among which the most common are caiman, giant anacondas, and other. Mammals species are mainly represented by Amazonian Manatee and pink dolphin. Jaguar may present a significant risk to humans. Precautions should refer to local waters – rivers are full of electric eels, capable of generating an electrical charge that can kill a man. Piranhas and Candiru are also dangerous to humans, the latter are able to penetrate into the urinary tract of humans and animals, thus bring their prey to death. Tailless amphibians, which live in the trees, are considered potentially dangerous. Their skin contains strong lipophilic poison, batrachotoxin. Local parasites – infection carriers – should be avoided. By the way, some of the local species of bats are the natural rabies virus carriers, and the Lutzomyia mosquitoes are carriers of leishmaniasis. Use free sample research papers on Amazon rainforest to broaden your horizon on the topic. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research paper on Amazon Rainforest topics. Your research paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research paper assistance at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all research paper details: Enjoy our professional research paper writing service!

Peace Corps essays

Peace Corps essays Change, whether it is for better or worse, is inevitable in our society. We as individuals have the ability to bring about change in society and the world. Throughout history, cultures and societies have benefited through the sharing of skills. A modern day example of this is the Peace Corps. The Peace Corps positively affects the United States politically, the citizens of the communities in which volunteers serve economically and socially, and the volunteers themselves personally. Even before the creation of the Peace Corps, many influential Senators and Representatives had the idea of an Army of Peace. American Philosopher, William James first suggested the idea of an army to work for peace in 1904. That idea was not put into consideration by the United States government, but it eventually led up to the creation of international work camps. When World War II ended in 1945, numerous private groups set up work camps around the world to improve conditions in those areas. Other private groups sent young, skilled Americans to share their skills in other countries. This example led Senator Richard L. Neuberger of Oregon and Congressman Henry S. Reuss of Wisconsin to propose the idea of a youth corps program in January of 1960. Their program would send young Americans trained in a skill to a developing county to share their talents. The plan for the program never made it through Congress, but later in 1960, Senator Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesota asked Con gress to create a peace corps. Instead of sending only young Americans, his plan called for people of any age to share their skills in a foreign country. Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy used the idea of a peace corps in his campaign for presidency in 1960 (Peace Corps, World Book 2). The idea of a peace corps was popular with college students. This is seen in the book Come As You Are: The Peace Corps Story. In his speech to a large crowd a...

How to Master the German Articles-Part I

How to Master the German Articles-Part I The German articles are honestly spoken a pain in the neck as they do not make any sense nor do they follow any logic. Unfortunately they are important for anyone who aims at speaking correct German. But there’s hope. There are two simple ways to deal with them almost effortlessly. This article will show you a quick and dirty way to recognize the gender of a German noun even if you dont understand its meaning yet. The second technique you will find in this article. The first is base upon the fact that there are indeed a few signals that give away a nouns gender. The endings -ig or -ling e.g. are always masculine, and so are -or, -ismus and the majority of nouns ending in -er. The problem is that those five endings are as abstract and meaningless as the articles themselves and therefore are still pretty difficult to remember and to apply.   The best way to deal with these article-signals is to organise them in the following way: der ig-ling-or-ismuser which we would read like a single word: der iglingorismuser   It’s still abstract but now we only have to deal with one abstract information -iglingorismuser- instead of five (-ig, -ling, -or, -ismus, -er). Our new word-creation also has a melody that makes it easier to remember.  Try it. Read it out loud a few times and try to recite it simply from your memory until you know it by heart. It took me a day of occasional recital and I still am able to recall it in an instant.   Of course there are also such signals for neuter and feminine nouns. Combined to mnemonic words they look like this: das Tum-chen-ma-ment-um-leinnis die Heit-ung-keit-ei-schaft-ion-ie-tt-ikure Practice them until you can recite them in a second or less so that you can focus on meaning instead on grammar when speaking. A friend of mine has written a little song to help learners like you to master them quickly. Make sure to check it out. There are also many good tips on how to learn abstract information in general in this lovely article. You might have noted the plus sign () in front of some endings above. That simply means that those endings are not 100% reliable regarding their signal. But they are mostly indicating the gender above. You can find some exceptions here. The beauty of this technique lies in its efficiency as you will be able to identify a noun’s gender even without knowing what that noun means. The word „Einberufungâ€Å" e.g. will most certainly be unknown to most of you but you will recognize its ending -ung easily and therefore know that it is of feminine gender. By the way it means „draftâ€Å" into military service. Why don’t you test your current knowledge of the articles with the following exercise before you practice the three lovely mnemonic words above for some time and then come back to this article and test your new skill? Like this you will have a before-after comparison and therefore a visual feedback for what you have learned with help of this article.   Test of your current article-recognition skills. Cover the text above so that you won’t be tempted to peek. What gender do the following German nouns have? You can write either der, das, die or simply (m)asculine, (n)euter or (f)eminine.    Test your knowledge of the German Articles Schmetterling (butterfly)Abteilung (department)Nation (nation)Autor (author)Psychologie (psychology)Wachstum (growth)Mdchen (girl)Eimer (bucket)Nase (nose)Polizei (police)Mongolei (Mongolia)Kà ¶ter (scoundrel)Kommunismus (communism)Frulein (Miss)Natur (nature)Fabrik (plant)Oktober (October)Frà ¼hling (spring)Bà ¼rschchen (stripling/laddie)Gesellschaft (society)Struktur (structure)Quentchen (grain)Management (management)Logik (logic)Museum (museum)Information (information)Minute (minute)Kà ¶rper (body)Wohnung (flat)Feigling (coward)September (September)Meister (master)Ewigkeit (eternity) The answers you will find on the next page, so maybe copy these words into a word document or on a piece of paper to be able to easily correct your answers. Feel free to let me know your before/after results and what you think of this technique.   One last note: This technique does not cover all possible article signals but the most common ones. And it also does not help you with all those nouns that simply do not have any signal-ending yet there is also a few categories that usually stick to one gender, like e.g. alcoholic beverages that are mostly masculine (e.g. der Wein) or motorcycle bands that are exclusively feminine (e.g. die Harley Davidson) and the second technique is coming soon. Stay tuned and thanks for reading. Here now the answers to the exercise on the last page: der Schmetterling (butterfly)die Abteilung (department)die Nation (nation)der Autor (author)die Psychologie (psychology)das Wachstum (growth)das Mdchen (girl)der Eimer (bucket)die Nase (nose)die Polizei (police)die Mongolei (Mongolia)der Kà ¶ter (scoundrel)der Kommunismus (communism)das Frulein (Miss)die Natur (nature)die Fabrik (plant)der Oktober (October)der Frà ¼hling (spring)das Bà ¼rschchen (stripling/laddie)die Gesellschaft (society)die Struktur (structure)das Quentchen (grain)das Management (management)die Logik (logic)das Museum (museum)die Information (information)die Minute (minute)der Kà ¶rper (body)die Wohnung (flat)der Feigling (coward)September (September)der Meister (master)die Ewigkeit (eternity)    How many have you had correct? Before: ______ After:    ______    00-11 points:      You could have gotten that much simply by guessing 12-22 points:      Not bad, but maybe you just have been lucky.   23-33 points:      Gute Arbeit. You are on your way to becoming an German Artikelmeister.

Environmental Challenges, Solutions and Recommendations Research Paper

Environmental Challenges, Solutions and Recommendations - Research Paper Example Major Issues and Challenges in the Environmental Portfolio All around Australia, different states are experiencing problems regarding the management of the environment. This section will analyze the environmental challenges and their impact on the country. Water pollution The most common environmental problem in Australia is the issue of water pollution (Reisser & Pattiaratchi, 2013). There is widespread pollution in rivers, water bodies and in the oceanic waters surrounding the country. Water pollution is especially widespread in cities neighbouring the sea. The Australian coastline is polluted by wastes such as plastics and wastes from industries. It is estimated that every square kilometer of the country’s sea area contains over 4,000 pieces of plastic waste (Reisser & Pattiaratchi, 2013). The plastics drain into the sea from inland waters that flow through residential areas and flow into the sea. Industries have contributed to water pollution by dumping industrial waste into the sea or rivers. Stormwater contributes to pollution by draining harmful substances from the land and into the sea (OEH, 2015). Spillages from sewage drainage systems and waste treatment plants end up in water bodies resulting in further pollution. Oil spillages may b e infrequent but they still contribute to water pollution. Water pollution has led to a deterioration of the marine ecosystem leading to the reduction in the population of aquatic organisms (Forstner & Wittmann, 2012, pp.91-93).

To what extent is jihad an important concept to understand Essay

To what extent is jihad an important concept to understand Frankish-Muslim relations - Essay Example f this paper that the influence of the confrontationist ideology of â€Å"jihad† on the organization of relationships between Franks and Muslims is nearly negligible, and not so important in understanding the Frankish-Muslim relations in the period between the first Crusades through to the thirteenth century. The concept of jihad in Arabic roughly translates to mean â€Å"struggle† and it denotes the central obligation of all believers of the Islam religion to their faith—thus, it refers to the â€Å"struggle† against all those who are opposed to Allah, and the Islamic faith in general, within the context of classical theory of Islam. The word jihad has acquired two commonly acknowledged interpretations, which are â€Å"an inner spiritual struggle† and an â€Å"outer physical struggle†; whereas conventional attitudes acknowledge the inner struggle by believers to fulfil their religious obligations as the true essence of the term, Islamic scholars stress that the term inevitably connotes an armed struggle against persecution as well as oppression. In this respect, proponents of the violent form of jihad have largely contributed to the pervasive interpretation of the term to mean â€Å"holly war† that is deeply inculcated all over the Islamic world ; today, the term has taken on a military meaning in nearly all contexts, and is a fairly stable idea in Islamic law (Parviz, and Ridwan 2001, p.23). Earlier historical publications have explored the Frankish-Muslim relations to great extents in which they have pervasively enforced the perspective that the Frankish states remained outposts of the Christian world and infidels in the dominant Islamic Middle East. Consequently, the bleak image of a Christian-Islam confrontation in the Frankish-Muslim relations has often emerged and taken root in a vast proportion of western sources thereby greatly influencing western thought and discourse. The true nature of the Frankish-Muslim relations remains to be a hotly contested, often

Anthropogenic Polycyclic Aromatic

Anthropogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Source Apportionment of Anthropogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) by Molecular and Isotopic Characterization A dissertation submitted as part of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are important, ubiquitous environmental pollutants known for their carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. They are released into the atmosphere, soil (which bears about 90% of the environmental PAH burden in the UK) and water by natural and anthropogenic processes. Today, anthropogenic combustion of fossil fuel is, by far, the most important source of PAH input into the environment. The importance of PAHs as environmental pollutants with a multiplicity of sources has resulted in considerable interest in source apportionment techniques. This study therefore investigated the PAH profiles in road dust samples around a high temperature carbonization plant (Barnsley, South Yorkshire) and used the combination of molecular methods and gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (d13C GC-IRMS) to identify their origin. Quantification of the sixteen U.S EPA priority PAHs extracted from the dust samples ranged from 2.65 to 90.82g/g. The PAH profiles were dominated by phenanthrene for 2-3 ring PAHs and by fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene and benzo(b+k)flouranthene for PAHs with ring size ≠¥ 4. The fluoranthene to pyrene (Fl/(FL+P)) )) concentration ratio ranged from 0.51 to 0.55, while the indenol(1,2,3-cd)pyrene to benzo(ghi)perylene (IcdP/(IcdP+ BghiPer)) ratio ranged from 0.37 to 0.55; suggesting contributions from diesel combustion, most likely from heavy duty trucks. The ability of compound-specific stable isotope measurement, using d13C GC-IRMS, to source apportion environmental PAHs where significant input from coal is expected has been demonstrated. The PAH d13C isotope ratio values ranged from -25.5 to -29.7%o. Overall, the d13C isotope ratio, in conjunction with PAH molecular distribution/ratio, strongly suggest that PAHs in the study area have inputs from both high temperature coal carbonisation and transport fuels (mainly diesel combustion). Chapter One 1.0 Introduction Industrialization, centered on energy use, has been the driving force for many of the greatest advances in the 20th century and is central to our way of life in the modern world today. Energy improvements and the discovery of fossil fuel (coal and petroleum) have hastened industrialization and breakthroughs in areas such as travel, communication, agriculture and healthcare, in many parts of the world. Despite these achievements, industrialization has brought along with it global problems of environmental pollution and challenges. These include exploitation of natural resources, oil spillages, global warming due to rising emissions of carbon dioxide and other green house gases, disposal of wastes (industrial and domestic) and inorganic and organic emissions which ultimately affect air, water and land quality. The release of organics/organic effluents such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mainly from the use of fossil fuels; into the environment have particularly gained attention in recent times due to their toxicity and persistence. 1.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that are of great public concern due to their toxicity, carcinogenicity and/or mutagenicity (Fabbri et al., 2003; Sharma et al., 2007). They are continuously introduced into the environment by both natural processes, such as volcanic eruptions and forest fires; and anthropogenic sources which include various industrial processes such as coke production in the iron and steel industry, catalytic cracking in the petroleum industry, coal gasification, heating and power generation, open burning of vegetation and internal combustion engines used for various means of transportation (Suess, 1976; Morasch et al., 2007). Immense PAHs contaminations of the environment typically originate from anthropogenic sources. A natural balance existing between the production and natural degradation of PAH historically kept the background concentration of PAH in the environment low and fixed (Smith and Harrison, 1996). The ever-increasing industrial development and use of fossil fuels in many parts of the world released PAHs into the environment resulting in their universal occurrence in air, water, soil and sediments. This increase in the production rate of anthropogenic PAHs has disrupted the natural balance of PAHs in the environment, while their rate of decomposition remains more or less constant (Suess, 1976; Fetzer, 1988). PAHs are found in great abundance in fossil fuel materials such as shale oil, coal liquids, petroleum, asphalt and many other hydrocarbon based materials (Fetzer, 1988). Incomplete combustion of these fossil fuel materials produces fly ash, chimney soot and engine-derived air particulates which have higher levels of PAHs than the original materials (Chadwick et al., 1987; Fetzer, 1988). Generally, PAHs give rise to significant impact to the areas close to the nearest point sources (Ohkuchi et al., 1999). There are very high concentrations of atmospheric PAH in the urban environment which is accounted for by the various industrial processes earlier identified, increasing vehicular traffic and the scarce dispersion of the atmospheric pollutants. These PAHs are emitted to the atmosphere either in the gaseous phase or on very small particles, 70-90% of which are in the respirable range (et al., 1987). The risk associated with the human exposure to atmospheric PAH is therefore highest in the cities because of these factors and the density of population (Sharma et al., 2007). In view of the carcinogenic potential of many PAH compounds, their contribution to the mutagenic activity of ambient aerosols and range of sources of emission, their concentration in the environment is considered alarming and efforts should be made to reduce or even eliminate them wherever possible. To achieve this, a better understanding of their fate and associative transformation pathways in the environment is necessary and this has resulted in considerable interest in PAHs source apportionment. 1.2 Source Apportionment Most organic pollutants can be released into the environment from various sources. Hydrocarbon pollutants are particularly widespread in the environment due to the multiplicity of their sources such as synthesis by living organisms (biogenic origin), degradation of organic matter (diagenic origin), incomplete combustion of organic matter and natural and anthropogenic fossil fuel combustibles (petrogenic origin) (Mazeas et al., 2002). Due to the multiplicity of the sources of organic pollutants, source apportionment techniques are invaluable in the determination of the contributions of various pollution sources of a pollutant in the environment. Source apportionment generally refers to the quantitative assignment of a combination of distinct sources of a particular group of compounds put into a system (OMalley et al., 1994). Differences in emission profile, among emission sources, have been sufficiently used to develop fingerprints that can be identified and quantified at a particular site (Dallarosa et al., 2005). As mentioned earlier, most of the environmental PAHs have anthropogenic origins. Contributions from coal combustion and use of petroleum in internal combustion engines for transportation have increased over the years and have generated a lot of concern. It is therefore important to be able to distinguish different sources that contribute to PAH pollution of a particular environment using reliable source apportionment techniques. This project work is therefore aimed at contributing to the knowledge of reliable, unambiguous novel PAH source apportionment techniques by: (i) Identifying and quantifying contemporary PAHs fluxes in the environment around a coking works using molecular methods (ii) Demonstrating the ability of compound specific stable isotope measurement to source apportion environmental PAHs where significant input from coal is expected Chapter Two 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 General overview of the properties of PAHs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds are a class of complex organic chemicals made up of carbon and hydrogen with a fused ring structure containing at least 2 benzene rings (Ravindra et al., 2008). They may also contain additional fused rings that are not six-sided (Figure 1). Pyrosynthesis and pyrolysis are two main mechanisms that can explain the formation of PAH from saturated hydrocarbons under oxygen-deficient conditions. Low molecular weight hydrocarbons like ethane form PAHs by pyrosynthesis (Figure 2). At a temperature greater than 5000C, carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon bond are broken to form free radicals which combine to form acetylene. Acetylene condenses further to form aromatic ring structures which are resistant to degradation (Figure 2). The ease with which hydrocarbons may form PAH structure varies in the order aromatics > cycloolefins > olefins > Paraffins (Ravindra et al., 2008). The higher molecular weight alkanes in fuel form PAH by pyrolysis: the cracking of organic compounds. The discovery of the fluorescence of a number of known carcinogenic tars and mineral oils in 1930 led to the investigation of the carcinogenic properties of PAHs. This spanned from the discovery that benz(a)anthracene and other compounds in its group possessed a similar fluorescence (Chadwick et al., 1987). Initial investigation for PAH carcinogenicity using dibenz(a,h)anthracene later resulted in the isolation of a powerful carcinogenic substance from coal tar: benzo(a)pyrene (Chadwick et al., 1987). Since the discovery of benzo(a)pyrene, various works have been done to identify other carcinogenic PAHs. Sixteen (16) parental PAHs have been designated by the US environmental protection agency (US EPA) as priority pollutants and most of the studies have focused on these (Figure 1 and Table 1). Seven (7) of these (Table 2) have been identified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as animal carcinogens and have been studied by the EPA as potential human carcinogens (EPA report, 1998). PAH can undergo metabolic transformation into mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic agents in aquatic and terrestrial organisms. These metabolites, such as dihydrodiol epoxides, bind to, and disrupt, DNA and RNA, which is the basis for tumor formation (Wild and Jones, 1995). Although PAHs are renowned for their carcinogenic and mutagenic properties, not all of them are environmentally or biologically significant. Studies have been carried out on monitoring the levels of some of the important PAH in various parts of the world and the results of a number of these are summarized in Table 2. The carcinogenicity and/or mutagenicity of PAH, which require metabolic conversion and activation, is structurally dependent: while certain isomers can be very active, other similar ones are not (Fetzer, 1988). An example, as shown by Fetzer (1988), is found in the five PAHs with molecular weight of 288 and containing 4 rings. Chrysene, benz[a]anthracene and benzo[c]phenanthrene are mutagenic but the remaining two, napthacene and triphenylene are not. As molecular weight increases, the carcinogenic level of PAHs also increases and acute toxicity decreases (Ravindra et al., 2008). The p electron fused benzene rings in PAHs account for most of their physical properties and chemical stability (Lee et al., 1981). The 2-ring and 3-ring PAHs compounds, which are more volatile and water soluble, but less lipophilic than their higher molecular weight relatives, generally exist primarily in the gas phase in the atmosphere and will tend to be deposited to the surfaces via dry gaseous and/or wet deposition (Ravindra et al., 2008). On the other hand, the less volatile 5-6 ring PAHs tend to be deposited on surfaces bound to particles in wet and dry deposition; while compounds of intermediate vapor pressure will have a temperature-dependent gas/particle partitioning of PAHs leading to both wet and dry deposition in gaseous and particle-bound form (Mannino and Orecchio, 2008). PAHs have a tendency to sorb on hydrophobic surfaces and this tendency increases with the number of aromatic rings (Morasch et al., 2007). Thus, PAHs are primarily found/present in the environment in soils and sediments, rather than water and air. Their high hydrophobic tendency and high lipophilic properties make them easily bio-accumulated to such an extent that can threaten the safety of food chains for both man and animals (Sun et al., 2003). Compounds Chemical formula Molecular weight Melting point, oC Boiling point,oC Particle/gas phase distribution Napthalene C10H8 128.19 80.5 218 Acenaphthylene C12H8 152.21 Gas phase Acenaphthene C12H10 154.21 96.2 279 Gas phase Fluorene C13H10 166.22 116 -117 295 Gas phase Phenanthrene C14H10 178.24 100 101 340 Particle phase Anthracene C14H10 178.24 216.5 217.2 339.9 Particle phase Fluoranthene C16H10 202.26 110.6 111.0 393 Particle phase Pyrene C16H10 202.66 152.2 152.9 360 Particle phase Benz(a)anthracene* C18H12 228.30 159.5 160.5 435 Particle phase Chrysene* C18H12 228.30 250 254 448 Particle phase Benzo(b)fluoranthene* C20H12 252.32 Particle phase Benzo(K)fluoranthene* C20H12 252.32 215.5 216 Particle phase Benzo(a)pyrene* C20H12 252.32 176.5 -177.5 311 Particle phase Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene* C20H12 276.34 Particle phase Dibenz(a,h)anthracene* C22H14 278.34 205 Particle phase Benzo(ghi)perylene C20H12 276.34 273 Particle phase *PAHs identified animal carcinogens and as potential human carcinogens Table 1: Physical properties of 16 priority PAHs on US EPA listing (Adapted from EPA REPORT, 1998, Ravindra et al., 2008) S/N Total PAHs Mean (ngm-3) Cities 1 à ¥ 15 PAHs 56 Columbia (USA) 2 à ¥ 15 PAHs 412 Austria 3 B (a) P 4.99-9.56a Delhi 4 à ¥ 12 PAHs 93 Denver (USA) 5 à ¥ 8 PAHs 150-1800a Delhi 6 à ¥ 15 PAHs 166 London 7 à ¥ 15 PAHs 59 Cardiff 8 à ¥ 11 PAHs 90-195 (I)a, 20-70 (R)a Ahmedabad 9 à ¥ 12 PAHs 22.9-190.96a Kolkata 10 à ¥ 12 PAHs 20-95a, 125-190a Mumbai, Nagpur 11 à ¥ 13 PAHs 90.37 57.04 Coimbatore 12 à ¥ 11 PAHs 310 (60-910)a Mexico city 13 à ¥ 15 PAHs 8.94-62.5a Camo Grande city 14 à ¥ 16 PAHs 13-1865a Chicago I= industrial site, R = residential site, a Range Table 2: A summary of mean concentrations (ng/m3) of total PAHs in various cities of the world (Sharma et al., 2007) 2.2 Anthropogenic sources of PAHS The high concentration of PAHs in the environment, as shown in Table 2, suggests the extent of anthropogenic contribution (Sharma et al., 2007). It is, however, difficult to estimate the amount of anthropogenic PAHS on the yearly input of the various sources on a global basis. An approximate quantification has been made, based on the annual consumption of fossil fuel, that while the global annual release of PAHs to the atmosphere is of an order of 105 tonnes, including 103 tonnes of benzo(a)pyrene; the annual input of crude and processed oil containing 1-3% PAHs to the oceans of the world is 1.1106 tonnes (Ivwurie, 2004). The main anthropogenic sources of carcinogenic PAHs are emissions from fossil fuel combustion in industrial and power plants, automobile emissions, biomass burning, agricultural burning and natural gas utilization. Fossil fuel utilization is the major cause of anthropogenic PAH occurrence in the environment. Hence, emphasis is placed on these sources below. 2.2.1 PAHs from Coal Combustion and Conversion Processes Coal, an organic rock formed from the accumulation and burial of partially decomposed vegetation in previous geologic ages through a series of physical, biological and biochemical changes; is a major fossil fuel for heating and power generation. The predominant organic components in coal have resulted from the formation and condensation of polynuclear carboxylic and heterocyclic ring compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur (United Nations, 1973). Due to its chemical composition (heterogeneous macro-molecular matrix, including hydrocarbons and hetero-atomic moieties) various coal conversion and utilizations are significant contributors of PAHs to the environment. Coal combustion emissions 47 PAH compounds resulting from coal combustion residing in fly ash, grate ash or the stack emissions were identified in the work of Junk and Ford (1980, cited in Chadwick et al., 1987). However, these PAH emissions are a function of the efficiency of the coal combustion plant. On the whole, large, efficient coal-burning, electricity-generating plants, with high combustion temperatures, emit relatively low total amounts of PAH and contribute very little to PAH emissions when operated properly (Chadwick et al., 1987). PAH emission factors for coal-fired plants were put at 32ugkg-1 and 41ugkg-1 coal by Ramdahl et al. (1983) and Masclet et al. (1987) respectively. 70% of the total PAH emission flux from power plants is made up of 3-4 ring PAHs and their alkylated counterparts (Wild and Jones, 1995). 5-6 ring PAHs and their heteroatom-containing derivatives are emitted from coke ovens during coal carbonisation (Kirton et al., 1991) Coal carbonization emissions Coal carbonization, the pyrolytic decomposition of coal in the absence of oxygen, can be classified according to the temperature to which the coal is heated, as shown in Table 3. This process yields char or coke, tar and oven or coal gas as the major products. Coke is by far the most important product in terms of yield and revenue. However, leakages from coke ovens are sources of release of high levels of PAHs and other organics to the environment. Emissions from coke ovens range from volatile monoaromatics (alkyl benzenes) to 5-6 ring PAHs together with their substituted heteroatom derivatives such as O-PAHs, NPAHs and S-PAHs (Lao et al., 1975; Kirton et al., 1991). Anderson et al. (1983) determine

Many films are a bad influence on young people Essay

The film industries of the world are developing day by day. Today there are so many films being produced that you can barely keep count. Some of them are for the benefit of the community but most of the films have a bad influence on the young people as well as on the community. These films are responsible for increase in violence, crime, illegitimacy in the society. And I completely agree with the statement that many films are a bad influence on young people because of the following reasons. It has been noticed that boys and girls are crazy of watching movies. And they spent averagely three to four hours in watching movies daily. This fast growing bad habit is expensive because of increasing electricity bill and the waste of precious time which can certainly be devoted to healthier, less wasteful and more gainful pursuits. The extreme setting in front of TV is harmful for education and health also. The studies are affected because youth like to watch television when parents are not there in home, and having no self-discipline. Many teens have shortsighted because of this. And it caused the problem like fat. Staying at home will let you become lazier. Our body needs to do sports, exercise etc The youth also try the actions done by heroes in the films. In the Indian films there is extreme level of violence, crime and other deviations from normal human behavior. The re-enactment shows shown on different channels of about robbery, murder etc, and are extremely dangerous for the country in future because youth learn about the new methods of criminal activities. Education and other experts have repeatedly found that the main source of eve teasing and assaults on girls in our towns and cities, in the market place and elsewhere, is the cinema. Young people see on the screen a hero running after a heroine, approaching and tempting her in subtle ways. Such talk and gestures naturally catch the attention of the immature cinema fans and affect their thinking and conduct. Thus, the social fabric and the morals of the young people are adversely affected. Another notable aspect of the situation is that whenever some enterprising producer presents a simple, true-to-life story, based on the works of famous short story or fiction writers as Prem Chand or Sarat Chandra, such films, and also art films free of glamour, seldom prove successful and prove to be flops at the box office. The modern audiences want songs and dances, spectacle and gorgeous costumes, love scenes and fights. What sort of citizens can the country hope to produce when the films the young see are totally misleading, lack aesthetical values. However, there are some positive effects of the films like movie â€Å"Tara Zameen Par† in which a child which is been weak in one subject can be good in other subject and the strictness of the parents on the weak subject can make the child mentally disabled. In the last movies and films are bad for the youth because positive effects are lesser than negative effects.

United States And The Cold War - 1695 Words

Alexander Protivnak Essay #2 PS 1511 All through the Cold War the United States attempted to contain or squash developments that it saw as dangers to American financial or security objectives, in Europe, in Asia, in different parts of the alleged Third World, and at home. Communists, patriots, individual voyagers, neutralists, and activists for popular government and human rights, at different times, felt American rage in the half-century after 1945. In no spot, be that as it may, did American exertions to attest its hobbies and impede the will of the local populace happen as seriously or shockingly as in Vietnam. Despite the fact that a little, immature nation which has been subjected to violence and resistance through the years, not to†¦show more content†¦Many considered these as steps back rather than moving forward. This is an impending doom which revealed itself early on. Both Robert Buzzano and Randall Woods present excellent interpretations of American foreign policy in Vietnam. What we need to look at closely is the goals that are set by the U.S., as well as their expected goals. When starting our comparison we are forced to realize that John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson had two very different approaches to Vietnam. Many attribute LBJ as the reason we even went into Vietnam. However what remains is another instance of America trying to protect the world from communism. Woods tells us that, â€Å"Johnson was an unbelievably intelligent person. His capacity to absorb information and analyze it was amazing. He was a very earthy and profane man, but he also was very much a liberal Christian.† This becomes a more popular argument however that Wood expands on. At the beginning of Wood’s article, he states that LBJ’s Christian ideology influenced how he approached the conflict in South Vietnam. Since the United States stands for democracy, it was imperative that LBJ follow JFK’s lead of protecting the noncommunist Vietnamese. On the off chance that LBJ didn t fight a

Cultural Significance Of Cultural Culture Essay - 1834 Words

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